DNA Cloning/ Recombinant DNA Technology/ Genetic Engineering

A clone is an identical copy. This term originally applied to cells of a single type, isolated and allowed to reproduce to create a population of identical cells. DNA cloning involves separating a specific gene or DNA segment from a larger chromosome, attaching it to a small molecule of carrier DNA, and then replicating this modified DNA thousands or millions of times through both an

Carbohydrate digestion begin in the mouth

Salivary gland produces saliva, which digests carbohydrate in mouth. This early step of digestion facilitates the absorption of glucose and thus facilitates getting energy from carbohydrate than other foodstuffs like protein, fat etc.

What does the thyroid gland do?

The thyroid gland controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones. It participates in these processes by producing thyroid hormones, the principal ones being triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine which can sometimes be referred to as tetraiodothyronine (T4). These hormones regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other systems in the body. T3 and T4 are synthesized from both iodine and tyrosine. The thyroid also produces calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis.

General Transcription Factors

General transcription factors (GTF's) or basal transcription factors are protein transcription factors that have been shown to be important in the transcription of class II genes to mRNA templates.  Many of them are involved in the formation of a preinitiation complex, which, together with RNA polymerase II, bind to and read the single-stranded DNA gene template.

Why and how does salts precipitate proteins?

Salt dehydrates water around the protein molecules dissolved in solution. As a result, the solubility of protein molecules is reduced. This process brings the protein molecules close to interact each other. And thus the protein molecules settle down as precipitate.