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Gel filtration/Size-exclusion Chromatography

Principles of  Gel filtration chromatography

Gel filtration, also called size-exclusion chromatography, separates proteins according to their size. There are pores in the gel filtration matrix and these pores permit the buffer and smaller proteins to enter into it but reject larger proteins and protein complexes. Therefore, larger proteins move around the matrix particles and elute from the column first before smaller proteins. 

Textbooks available on the Internet

Biochemistry, 5th edition Jeremy M Berg, John L Tymoczko, and Lubert Stryer.

Genomes, 2nd edition Terence A Brown.

Immunobiology, 5th edition The Immune System in Health and Disease Charles A Janeway, Jr, Paul Travers, Mark Walport, and Mark J Shlomchik.

Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter.

Molecular Cell Biology, 4th edition Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, S Lawrence Zipursky, Paul Matsudaira, David Baltimore, and James Darnell.

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Nutrients and Their Functions

Carbohydrate:

Carbohydrates (sugar and starches) are the most efficient sources of energy and are known as the “fuel of life.”  They are abundantly found in most plant food sources. Complex  carbohydrates  (starches)  are  in breads,  cereals,  pasta,  rice,  dry  beans  and  peas,  and other vegetables, such as potatoes and corn. Simple carbohydrates are found in sugars, honey, syrup, jam, and many desserts. 

Vitamins and Minerals: Their presence in adult DRI

The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of scientifically based nutrient reference values for healthy populations. Vitamins and minerals are nutrients from our environment that we need for all the essential reactions in our cells to occur. Our bodies can make small amounts of certain vitamins, but we cannot manufacture minerals. Every mineral in our body must first come from outside our

DNA Cloning/ Recombinant DNA Technology/ Genetic Engineering

A clone is an identical copy. This term originally applied to cells of a single type, isolated and allowed to reproduce to create a population of identical cells. DNA cloning involves separating a specific gene or DNA segment from a larger chromosome, attaching it to a small molecule of carrier DNA, and then replicating this modified DNA thousands or millions of times through both an

Carbohydrate digestion begin in the mouth

Salivary gland produces saliva, which digests carbohydrate in mouth. This early step of digestion facilitates the absorption of glucose and thus facilitates getting energy from carbohydrate than other foodstuffs like protein, fat etc.

What does the thyroid gland do?

The thyroid gland controls how quickly the body uses energy, makes proteins, and controls how sensitive the body is to other hormones. It participates in these processes by producing thyroid hormones, the principal ones being triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine which can sometimes be referred to as tetraiodothyronine (T4). These hormones regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other systems in the body. T3 and T4 are synthesized from both iodine and tyrosine. The thyroid also produces calcitonin, which plays a role in calcium homeostasis.

General Transcription Factors

General transcription factors (GTF's) or basal transcription factors are protein transcription factors that have been shown to be important in the transcription of class II genes to mRNA templates.  Many of them are involved in the formation of a preinitiation complex, which, together with RNA polymerase II, bind to and read the single-stranded DNA gene template.

Why and how does salts precipitate proteins?

Salt dehydrates water around the protein molecules dissolved in solution. As a result, the solubility of protein molecules is reduced. This process brings the protein molecules close to interact each other. And thus the protein molecules settle down as precipitate.

Vitamins and minerals work together to maintain bone health

Vitamins and minerals have different functions in the body. Sometimes they may work together at times. Vitamins and minerals are needed to maintain the health of tissue, organs, muscles, bones and blood. Vinatim D is essential to absorb calcium. Actually, without vitamin D, the body can't form a hormone called calcitriol, which will contribute to insufficient dietary calcium absorption. If the body doesn't get enough calcium, it will extract it from the bones. This may cause Osteoporosis.

Related Post

Nutrition: Some Definitions
Classification of Nutrients
Vitamins and Minerals: Their presence in adult DRI  

Principles of DEAE cellulose column method

Separation and purification of proteins using ion exchange chromatography is based primarily on differences in the ionic properties of surface of amino acid. Proteins bind to ion exchangers by electrostatic forces between the protein’s surface charges (mainly) and the dense clusters of charged groups on the exchangers. The charges are of course balanced by counterions such as metal ions, chloride ions, and sometimes buffer ions. A protein must displace the counterions and

Difference between Prokaryote and Eukaryote: Explanation

The differences between prokaryote and eukaryote range from size to intracellular movement. There are differences in many important points in-between. Unlike prokaryotic cells, typical eukaryotic cells are much larger with a thousand to a million times larger cell volumes than those of bacteria. The distinguishing characteristics of eukaryotes are the nucleus, which has a complex internal

Actin: Roles in Cell Division

Actin is a major component of the cytoarchitecture and plays significant roles in cell migration and cell division. It accomplishes its function over cell division in association with myosin. The most dramatic example of actin-myosin contraction in nonmuscle cells is provided by Cytokinesis—the division of a cell into two following mitosis. Toward the end of mitosis in animal cells, a contractile ring consisting of actin filaments and myosin II assembles just underneath the plasma membrane. Its contraction pulls the plasma membrane progressively inward, constricting the center of the cell and

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a repetitive procedure that results in geometric amplification of a specific DNA sequence. In this method, two synthetic oligonucleotides are prepared, complementary to sequences on opposite strands of the target DNA at positions just beyond the ends of the segment to be amplified. The oligonucleotides serve as replication primers that can be extended by

Cell Cycle

Cell cycle is the period between the formation of a cell by division of its mother cell and the time when the cell itself divides to form two daughter cells. Cell division in eukaryotes occurs in four well-defined stages. In the S (synthesis) phase, the DNA is replicated to produce copies for both daughter cells. In the G2 phase (G indicates the gap between divisions), new proteins are synthesized and the cell approximately doubles in size. In the M phase (mitosis), the maternal

What is the relevance of having two membranes in the mitochondria?

This is required to maintain the electrochemical potential in the space between two membranes. This electrochemical potential represents proton-motive force which is ultimately used to generate ATP by ATP synthase situated in the inner membrane.

What does the abstract mean in a scientific report?

It is a summary of scientific work. You may write 200-250 words to describe your work. Description may contain why the research has taken, how it has done, what things have considered and what are the major findings. The sum up of all these may construct an abstract of a scientific work

What's the main energy transfer during respiration?

ATP is formed due to transfer of electrons through respiratory chain located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. Actually, electrochemical gradient is formed in the intramembrane space simultaneously with electron transfer. And proton-motive force is subsequently is used to drive the synthesis of ATP. So, in human respiration the chemical energy is converted to heat and electric energy.

Salting Out Technique: Purpose

Salting out is a technique that has been using to separate desired substance from a solution. Adding of an appropriate percentage of salt to a solution causes the water molecules to be exhausted gradually from the surrounding of the desired molecules that are polar in the water. As a result, the desired substances/molecules come close together and are settled down.

It may be applicable to enzymes, proteins etc.